THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM ON INBOUND TOURISM IN MENA REGION FROM 2000 TO 2018: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS USING R SOFTWARE.
Résumé
Abstract:
The Purpose Of This Paper Is To Investigate The Relation Between The Freedom Of Economy And The Performance Of Inbound Tourism In MENA Region. Using R Software, A Panel Data Analysis Was Performed Over The 18 Mena Region Countries From 2000 To 2018. The Results Shows That Judicial And Monetary Policies Have Both An Impact On Inbound Tourism, In Fact, International Tourism Performance Rises When Property Rights Are Better Secured And The Legal System Is More Autonomous. In Addition, Stable Money And Higher Level Of Freedom To Own Foreign Currency Accounts Impacts Positively Inbound Tourism. The Study Also Found That The Inbound Tourism Performance In North-African Countries Is Related To The Freedom To Trade Internationally, While In The Middle-East Region, Government Size Is Reported To Have An Impact On Incoming Tourism.
Keywords: Inbound Tourism, Economic Freedom, Panel Data Regression,
Références
References
Balestra, Pietro, and Marc Nerlove. 1966. ‘Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas’. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society: 585–612.
Baltagi, Badi Hani. 2008. 4 Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Springer.
Bengoa, Marta, and Blanca Sanchez-Robles. 2003. ‘Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Growth: New Evidence from Latin America’. European Journal of Political Economy 19(3): 529–45.
Bulut, Umit, Emrah Kocak, and Courtney Suess. 2020. ‘The Effect of Freedom on International Tourism Demand: Empirical Evidence from the Top Eight Most Visited Countries’. Tourism Economics 26(8): 1358–73.
Christopher H. Jackson. 2011. ‘Multi-State Models for Panel Data: The Msm Package for R’. Journal of statistical software 38(8): 1–29.
Cooper, Chris. 2020. Essentials of Tourism. SAGE.
Croissant, Yves, and Giovanni Millo. 2008. ‘Panel Data Econometrics in R: The Plm Package’. Journal of statistical software 27(2): 1–43.
Demir, Ender, and Giray Gozgor. 2019. ‘Does Freedom of the Press Enhance Inbound Tourism?’ Current Issues in Tourism 22(20): 2550–65.
Gholipour, Hassan Fereidouni, Reza Tajaddini, and Usama Al-Mulali. 2014. ‘Does Personal Freedom Influence Outbound Tourism?’ Tourism Management 41: 19–25.
Henningsen, Arne, and Géraldine Henningsen. 2019. ‘Analysis of Panel Data Using R’. In Panel Data Econometrics, Elsevier, 345–96.
Katircioglu, Salih. 2009. ‘Tourism, Trade and Growth: The Case of Cyprus’. Applied Economics 41(21): 2741–50.
Korol, Oleksandr, and Tetiana Skutar. 2018. ‘Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development within Ukraine and Poland’. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32(2): 338–55.
Kubickova, Marketa. 2016. ‘The Role of Government in Tourism: Linking Competitiveness, Freedom, and Developing Economies’. Czech Journal of Tourism 5(2): 73–92.
Lau, Chi Keung Marco, Yan Zeng, and Zhibin Lin. 2019. ‘The Effectiveness of the Legal System and Inbound Tourism’. Annals of Tourism Research 76: 24–35.
Leiper, Nell. 1979. ‘The Framework of Tourism: Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the Tourist Industry’. Annals of Tourism Research 6(4): 390–407.
MUSLIJA, Adnan, Elma Satrovic, and Namik COLAKOVIC. ‘Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Tourism’. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9(2): 1–17.
Nawaz, Muhammad A., and Sallahuddin Hassan. 2016. ‘Investment and Tourism: Insights from the Literature’. International Journal of Economic Perspectives 10(4): 581–90.
Neacşu, Marius-Cristian, Silviu Neguţ, and Gheorghe Vlăsceanu. 2018. ‘The Impact of Geopolitical Risks on Tourism’. Amfiteatru Economic 20(12): 870–84.
Ozcan, Ceyhun Can, Murat Aslan, and Saban Nazlioglu. 2017. ‘Economic Freedom, Economic Growth and International Tourism for Post-Communist (Transition) Countries: A Panel Causality Analysis.’ Theoretical & Applied Economics 24(2).
Saha, Shrabani, Jen-Je Su, and Neil Campbell. 2017. ‘Does Political and Economic Freedom Matter for Inbound Tourism? A Cross-National Panel Data Estimation’. https://core.ac.uk/display/42584620?recSetID= (January 11, 2020).
Vengesayi, Sebastian, Felix T. Mavondo, and Yvette Reisinger. 2009. ‘Tourism Destination Attractiveness: Attractions, Facilities, and People as Predictors’. Tourism Analysis 14(5): 621–36.
Websites
The World Bank website, API_ST.INT.RCPT.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_1689463, https://www.worldbank.org/ ( Consulted On 10/12/2020 )
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UNESCO website, whc-sites-2019.xslx ,http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list, ( Consulted on 14/03/2021 )
Balestra, Pietro, and Marc Nerlove. 1966. ‘Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas’. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society: 585–612.
Baltagi, Badi Hani. 2008. 4 Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Springer.
Bengoa, Marta, and Blanca Sanchez-Robles. 2003. ‘Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Growth: New Evidence from Latin America’. European Journal of Political Economy 19(3): 529–45.
Bulut, Umit, Emrah Kocak, and Courtney Suess. 2020. ‘The Effect of Freedom on International Tourism Demand: Empirical Evidence from the Top Eight Most Visited Countries’. Tourism Economics 26(8): 1358–73.
Christopher H. Jackson. 2011. ‘Multi-State Models for Panel Data: The Msm Package for R’. Journal of statistical software 38(8): 1–29.
Cooper, Chris. 2020. Essentials of Tourism. SAGE.
Croissant, Yves, and Giovanni Millo. 2008. ‘Panel Data Econometrics in R: The Plm Package’. Journal of statistical software 27(2): 1–43.
Demir, Ender, and Giray Gozgor. 2019. ‘Does Freedom of the Press Enhance Inbound Tourism?’ Current Issues in Tourism 22(20): 2550–65.
Gholipour, Hassan Fereidouni, Reza Tajaddini, and Usama Al-Mulali. 2014. ‘Does Personal Freedom Influence Outbound Tourism?’ Tourism Management 41: 19–25.
Henningsen, Arne, and Géraldine Henningsen. 2019. ‘Analysis of Panel Data Using R’. In Panel Data Econometrics, Elsevier, 345–96.
Katircioglu, Salih. 2009. ‘Tourism, Trade and Growth: The Case of Cyprus’. Applied Economics 41(21): 2741–50.
Korol, Oleksandr, and Tetiana Skutar. 2018. ‘Comparative Analysis of International (Inbound) Tourism Development within Ukraine and Poland’. Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 32(2): 338–55.
Kubickova, Marketa. 2016. ‘The Role of Government in Tourism: Linking Competitiveness, Freedom, and Developing Economies’. Czech Journal of Tourism 5(2): 73–92.
Lau, Chi Keung Marco, Yan Zeng, and Zhibin Lin. 2019. ‘The Effectiveness of the Legal System and Inbound Tourism’. Annals of Tourism Research 76: 24–35.
Leiper, Nell. 1979. ‘The Framework of Tourism: Towards a Definition of Tourism, Tourist, and the Tourist Industry’. Annals of Tourism Research 6(4): 390–407.
MUSLIJA, Adnan, Elma Satrovic, and Namik COLAKOVIC. ‘Dynamic Panel Data Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Freedom and Tourism’. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 9(2): 1–17.
Nawaz, Muhammad A., and Sallahuddin Hassan. 2016. ‘Investment and Tourism: Insights from the Literature’. International Journal of Economic Perspectives 10(4): 581–90.
Neacşu, Marius-Cristian, Silviu Neguţ, and Gheorghe Vlăsceanu. 2018. ‘The Impact of Geopolitical Risks on Tourism’. Amfiteatru Economic 20(12): 870–84.
Ozcan, Ceyhun Can, Murat Aslan, and Saban Nazlioglu. 2017. ‘Economic Freedom, Economic Growth and International Tourism for Post-Communist (Transition) Countries: A Panel Causality Analysis.’ Theoretical & Applied Economics 24(2).
Saha, Shrabani, Jen-Je Su, and Neil Campbell. 2017. ‘Does Political and Economic Freedom Matter for Inbound Tourism? A Cross-National Panel Data Estimation’. https://core.ac.uk/display/42584620?recSetID= (January 11, 2020).
Vengesayi, Sebastian, Felix T. Mavondo, and Yvette Reisinger. 2009. ‘Tourism Destination Attractiveness: Attractions, Facilities, and People as Predictors’. Tourism Analysis 14(5): 621–36.
Websites
The World Bank website, API_ST.INT.RCPT.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_1689463, https://www.worldbank.org/ ( Consulted On 10/12/2020 )
The World Bank website, API_ST.INT.RCPT.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_2764004, https://www.worldbank.org/ ( Consulted On 01/03/2021 )
The united nations world tourism organization website, https://www.unwto.org/global-and-regional-tourism-performance/, ( Consulted On 14/03/2021 )
Fraser institute website, economicdata1970-2018, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/economic-freedom/dataset?geozone=world&page=dataset&min-year=1970&max-year=2018&filter=0&date-type=range , ( Consulted On 08/01/2021 )
UNESCO website, whc-sites-2019.xslx ,http://whc.unesco.org/fr/list, ( Consulted on 14/03/2021 )
